Desenvolvimento de uma plataforma móvel de apoio ao ensino de infectologia para alunos de graduação em medicina de um centro universitário em fortaleza/ce / Development of a mobile platform to support the teaching of infectiology for undergraduate medicine students at a university center in fortaleza/ce / Desarrollo de una plataforma móvil de apoyo a la enseñanza de infectiología para estudiantes de grado de medicina en un centro universitario de fortaleza/ce

O rápido avanço tecnológico na área da saúde tem impacto relevante e positivo na educação médica. O amplo uso de recursos digitais teve crescimento com a pandemia de Covid-19 e impulsionou a disponibilidade de novas formas de desenvolver o ensino por meio de plataformas digitais, para o ensino híbrido e EaD. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar uma plataforma móvel de suporte educacional em Infectologia para graduação em Medicina. Foi avaliada a aplicabilidade e usabilidade do sistema, o seu impacto na facilitação do ensino e o grau de satisfação do usuário com a nova ferramenta. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, experimental, descritivo, em que a plataforma desenvolvida foi avaliada por 42 estudantes de Medicina do quarto semestre do Centro Universitário Christus (Unichristus), por meio de questionários, visando estimar a repercussão nos diferentes cenários educacionais e o grau de satisfação com esse instrumento. Quanto à sua eficácia, foi aplicada a Escala de Usabilidade de Sistema (System Usabillity Scale - SUS). Como resultado, foi analisado que a plataforma apresentou o escore SUS de 84,64, com desvio-padrão de 13,8, sendo evidenciada uma correlação de Spearman estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05). Conclui-se que a plataforma móvel em infectologia é uma ferramenta com boa aceitabilidade e facilidade na utilização, permitindo uma alternativa de abordagem eficaz de ensino na graduação de medicina.

The rapid technological advancement in the field of healthcare has a significant and positive impact on medical education. The widespread use of digital resources has seen growth with the Covid-19 pandemic and has driven the availability of new ways to deliver education through digital platforms for hybrid and distance learning. In this regard, the objective of this study was to develop a mobile educational support platform in Infectious Diseases for undergraduate medical education. The applicability and usability of the system, its impact on facilitating education, and the user satisfaction with the new tool were evaluated. This was a quantitative, experimental, descriptive study in which the developed platform was assessed by 42 fourth-semester medical students at Christus University Center (Unichristus) through questionnaires to estimate its impact on various educational scenarios and the level of satisfaction with this tool. In terms of its effectiveness, the System Usability Scale (SUS) was applied. As a result, it was found that the platform scored an SUS score of 84.64 with a standard deviation of 13.8, and a statistically significant Spearman correlation (p<0.05) was evident. It is concluded that the mobile platform in Infectious Diseases is a tool with good acceptability and ease of use, allowing for an effective alternative approach to medical education at the undergraduate level.

El rápido avance tecnológico en el campo de la salud tiene un impacto significativo y positivo en la educación médica. El uso generalizado de recursos digitales ha experimentado un crecimiento con la pandemia de Covid-19 y ha impulsado la disponibilidad de nuevas formas de brindar educación a través de plataformas digitales para la enseñanza híbrida y a distancia. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue desarrollar una plataforma de apoyo educativo móvil en Enfermedades Infecciosas para la educación médica de pregrado. Se evaluó la aplicabilidad y la usabilidad del sistema, su impacto en facilitar la educación y el nivel de satisfacción del usuario con la nueva herramienta. Este fue un estudio cuantitativo, experimental y descriptivo en el que la plataforma desarrollada fue evaluada por 42 estudiantes de medicina en su cuarto semestre en el Centro Universitario Christus (Unichristus) a través de cuestionarios para estimar su impacto en diversos escenarios educativos y el nivel de satisfacción con esta herramienta. En términos de su eficacia, se aplicó la Escala de Usabilidad del Sistema (SUS). Como resultado, se encontró que la plataforma obtuvo una puntuación de SUS de 84.64 con una desviación estándar de 13.8, y se evidenció una correlación de Spearman estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05). Se concluye que la plataforma móvil en Enfermedades Infecciosas es una herramienta con buena aceptabilidad y facilidad de uso, que permite un enfoque alternativo efectivo para la educación médica a nivel de pregrado.

Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária à saúde: associação com a cobertura da atenção primária, 2015 ­ 2021 / Hospitalization for sensitive conditions in primary care: association with primary health care support, 2015-2021 / Hospitalizaciones por afecciones sensibles a la atención primaria: asociación con la cobertura de atención primaria, 2015 ­ 2021

Objetivo: Avaliar as tendências e associações relacionadas as coberturas e internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária à saúde no município de Fortaleza/Ceará/Brasil, no período de 2015 a 2021. Métodos: Estudo transversal com dados secundários (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde, E- gestor atenção básica e o Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson para as associações. Resultados: Foram registrados 176.330 internações por condições sensíveis, totalizando 8 principais, correspondendo a 78.5% do total. Obteve-se correlação inversa significativa entre a cobertura de atenção primária e internações por condições sensíveis: r=-0.86, (IC95%: -0.91/-0.61); p<0.001, bem como uma correlação moderada com cobertura de agente comunitário e internações (r=-0.59 (IC95%: -0.68/-0.54); p<0.001) Conclusão: O aumento das internações por condições sensíveis está diretamente relacionado com a cobertura da atenção primária. Além disso, enfrenta-se uma dupla carga de doenças, coexistindo as doenças infecciosas/parasitárias em concomitância com as crônicas.

Objective: To assess trends and associations related to coverage and hospitalizations for conditions sensitive to primary health care in the city of Fortaleza/Ceará/Brazil, from 2015 to 2021. Methods: Cross-sectional study with secondary data (Hospital Information System of the National Unified Health System, E- manager for primary care and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to measure associations. Results: 176,330 hospitalizations for sensitive conditions were recorded, totaling 8 main ones, corresponding to 78.5% of the total. A significant inverse correlation was obtained between primary care coverage and hospitalizations for sensitive conditions: r=-0.86, (95%CI: -0.91/-0.61); p<0.001, as well as a moderate correlation with community agent coverage and hospitalizations (r=-0.59 (95%CI: -0.68/-0.54); p<0.001) Conclusion: The increase in hospitalizations for sensitive conditions is directly associated to the primary care coverage. In addition, there is a double burden of disease, with infectious/parasitic diseases coexisting with chronic ones.

Evaluar las tendencias y asociaciones relacionadas con la cobertura y hospitalizaciones por condiciones sensibles a la atención primaria de salud en la ciudad de Fortaleza/Ceará/Brasil de 2015 a 2021. Métodos: Estudio transversal con datos secundarios (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde, E-gestor atenção básica e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). Se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para las asociaciones. Resultados: Hubo 176.330 hospitalizaciones por condiciones sensibles, totalizando 8 condiciones principales, correspondiendo a 78,5% del total. Se obtuvo una correlación inversa significativa entre la cobertura de atención primaria y las hospitalizaciones por afecciones sensibles: r=- 0,86, (IC 95%: -0,91/-0,61); p<0,001, así como una correlación moderada con la cobertura de agentes comunitarios y las hospitalizaciones (r=-0,59 (IC 95%: -0,68/-0,54); p<0,001) Conclusión: El aumento de las hospitalizaciones por afecciones sensibles está directamente relacionado con la cobertura de atención primaria. Además, se enfrenta a una doble carga de enfermedad, coexistiendo enfermedades infecciosas/parasitarias en concomitancia con enfermedades crónicas.

Cytokines, chemokines, and cells growth factors in patients with mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection: A case-control study.

Several biomarkers have been evaluated as predictors of severity or in directing the treatment of COVID-19, however there are no conclusive results. In this study, we evaluated serum levels of cytokines, chemokines, and cell growth factors in association with the pathobiology of mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Serum levels of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients (n = 113) and flu symptoms individuals negative for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 58), tested by the RT-qPCR test-nasal swab were compared to healthy controls (n = 53). Results showed that the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, MCP-3, TNF-α, and G-CSF were increased in symptomatic patients and the cytokines IL-6 and IL-10 were associated with patients positive for SARS-CoV-2 when compared to healthy controls. Symptoms associated with COVID-19 were fever, anosmia, ageusia, and myalgia. For patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection, their major symptom was sore throat. The pathobiology of mild to moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increasing proinflammatory cytokines and a pleiotropic IL-6 and anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokines compared to healthy controls. Thus, knowledge about the pathophysiology and the involvement of biomarkers in the mild to moderate profile of the disease should be evaluated. Monitoring these biomarkers in patients with mild to moderate disease can help establish adequate treatment and prevention strategies for long-term COVID-19.

Relato de caso: actinomicose mimetizando neoplasia laríngea / Case report: actinomycosis mimicking laryngeal neoplasia / Caso clínico: actinomicosis que simula una neoplasia laríngea

A actinomicose é uma infecção rara causada por bactérias do gênero Actinomyces sp. que são importantes constituintes das flora comensal de animais e humanos, colonizando a orofaringe, o trato respiratório superior, o trato gastrointestinal e o trato genital feminino. Diante de uma lesão na mucosa associada a um desequilíbrio nas defesas do organismos, as bactérias se infiltram nas estruturas, gerando uma infecção. As áreas mais comumente afetadas por esta patologia correspondem às regiões cervicofacial (50%), abdominal (20%) e torácica (15 a 20%), sendo o envolvimento laríngeo bastante raro (< 5% dos casos), com poucos casos descritos na literatura. Este estudo visa relatar o caso de um paciente de 76 anos com actinomicose mimetizando neoplasia de laringe, através da revisão do prontuário, descrevendo o quadro clínico e evidenciando os exames de imagem realizados na investigação com o objetivo de alertar os profissionais de saúde e compartilhar informações sobre esta patologia para que possa fazer parte do diagnóstico diferencial de doenças granulomatosas e infecciosas da laringe, principalmente em pacientes com mais de 50 anos, visando o diagnóstico precoce e o tratamento adequado.

Actinomycosis is a rare infection caused by bacteria of the genus Actinomyces sp. which are important constituents of the commensal flora of animals and humans, colonizing the oropharynx, the upper respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract and the female genital tract. Faced with a lesion in the mucosa associated with an imbalance in the organism's defenses, the bacteria infiltrate the structures, generating an infection. The areas most commonly affected by this pathology correspond to the cervicofacial (50%), abdominal (20%) and thoracic (15 to 20%) regions, and laryngeal involvement is quite rare (< 5% of cases), with few cases described in the literature. This study aims to report the case of a 76-year-old patient with actinomycosis mimicking laryngeal neoplasm, through the medical record review, describing the clinical picture and evidencing the imaging tests performed in the investigation with the purpose of alerting health professionals and sharing information about this pathology so that it can be part of the differential diagnosis of granulomatous and infectious diseases of the larynx, especially in patients older than 50 years, aiming at early diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

La actinomicosis es una infección rara causada por bacterias del género Actinomyces sp. que son componentes importantes de la flora comensal de animales y humanos, colonizando la orofaringe, el tracto respiratorio superior, el tracto gastrointestinal y el tracto genital femenino. Ante una lesión de la mucosa asociada a un desequilibrio de las defensas del organismo, las bacterias se infiltran en las estructuras, generando una infección. Las áreas más comúnmente afectadas por esta patología corresponden a las regiones cervicofacial (50%), abdominal (20%) y torácica (15 a 20%), siendo la afectación laríngea bastante rara (< 5% de los casos), con pocos casos descritos en la literatura. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo relatar el caso de una paciente de 76 años con actinomicosis simulando neoplasia laríngea, a través de la revisión de la historia clínica, describiendo el cuadro clínico y mostrando los estudios de imagen realizados en la investigación, con el propósito de alertar a los profesionales de la salud y compartir información sobre esta patología para que forme parte del diagnóstico diferencial de las enfermedades granulomatosas e infecciosas de la laringe, particularmente en pacientes con edad superior a 50 años, con vistas al diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento adecuado.

Prevalence of Sleep Disorders and Associated Factors in People Living With HIV in the Ceará, Brazil: A Cross-sectional Study.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of sleep disorders and associated factors in people living with HIV (PLWH). This was a cross-sectional study with a sample of 385 participants followed-up on an outpatient basis in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. Interviews were conducted using the Sociodemographic, Epidemiological and Clinical Form for PLWH and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed, and the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated, considering p < .05 as statistically significant. The prevalence of sleep disorders was 43.38%. Having children ( p = .0054; OR = 1.91; 95% CI = 1.21-3.01), less than 8 years of education ( p = .0013; OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.34-3.34), and not engaging in regular physical exercise ( p = .0001; OR = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.61-4.23) were factors associated with the occurrence of sleep disorders. It was concluded that almost half of the sample had sleep disorders, especially those with children, low level education, and sedentary habits. These data point to the need for increased guidance on sleep hygiene, in addition to the practice of regular physical exercise for this population.

Effect of lipodystrophy on self-esteem and adherence to antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lipodystrophy on self-esteem and adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in people living with HIV (PLHIV). A cross-sectional and comparative study was carried out in an infection clinic, with 125 patients with lipodystrophy and 125 without lipodystrophy. Sociodemographic, clinical and epidemiological data were collected, using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Assessment of Adherence to Antiretroviral Treatment Questionnaire (CEAT-VIH). Descriptive statistics and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used. Of the total sample, 57.2% had unsatisfactory self-esteem and 57.6% adequate adherence to ART. Self-esteem was lower in PLHIV with lipodystrophy (66.4%). PLHIV with monthly income less than or equal to two minimum wages (P < 0.001) and those with lipodystrophy had more unsatisfactory self-esteem (P < 0.001). Catholics had better self-esteem (P = 0.012), when compared to those without religion. Patients with monthly income less than or equal to two minimum wages (P = 0.021) and people with unsatisfactory self-esteem had more inadequate adherence to ART (P = 0.001). Catholics had better adherence to antiretrovirals (P = 0.007). In conclusion, lipodystrophy and low income negatively affect the self-esteem of PLHIV. Low income and unsatisfactory self-esteem make adherence to ART difficult. Religion is a protective factor for satisfactory self-esteem and adherence to antiretrovirals.

A Arte como Estratégia de Coping em Tempos de Pandemia / Art as a Coping Strategy During the Pandemic

Resumo: Introdução: O momento da pandemia por Covid-19 tem um impacto direto na formação dos estudantes de Medicina, tanto pela modificação repentina na metodologia presencial para remota quanto pelo estresse e pela ansiedade gerados. A saúde mental dos estudantes necessita de estratégias de coping para que eles possam lidar com situações de extrema ansiedade. Relato de experiência: O grupo Estudo de Literatura e Arte na Medicina (Elam) criou, durante o período da pandemia, momentos de discussão de literatura por meio de produção textual e discussões em mídia social, e principalmente por meio de atividades artísticas com pintura em aquarela e artes plásticas, para lidar com os conflitos apresentados pelos alunos na quarentena. Foram 24 telas de aquarela, vídeos, telas de colagem em artes plásticas e textos de crônicas e poesias. Os temas abordados nos textos foram principalmente: amor (N = 2), envelhecer (N = 2), pecado e religiosidade (N = 4), ciclo da vida (N = 6), câncer, caos, sabedoria, mortalidade (N = 3), tempo, olhar e ver (N = 2) e regionalismo (N = 2). Discussão: O enfrentamento da Covid-19 impõe o isolamento social, o distanciamento físico e a restrição à mobilidade das pessoas como medidas fundamentais para evitar a rápida disseminação do vírus. Quando o jovem não dispõe de mecanismos para lidar com a situação estressante propiciada pela situação, pode haver o desencadeamento de uma série de psicopatologias, como depressão, ansiedade e distúrbios do humor. É uma tendência mais ampla na educação médica: cada vez mais, as escolas de Medicina estão investindo em currículo e programação em torno das artes, e, no momento atual, essa estratégia de coping se torna importante no enfrentamento da pandemia pelo estudante de Medicina. Conclusão: Atravessar esse momento de pandemia pela Covid-19 exigiu uma estratégia de coping para ajudar os alunos a vivenciar e extravasar seus medos, sendo a arte a melhor forma de expressão, o que foi atingido pelo grupo Elam.

Abstract: Introduction: The Covid-19 pandemic has had a direct impact on medical student training, through the sudden change from face-to-face to remote learning and the stress and anxiety caused. Students need coping strategies for the sake of their mental health and to deal with situations of extreme anxiety. Experience Report: during the pandemic the ELAM (Study of Literature and Art in Medicine) group has sought to help students in lockdown deal with their mental struggles by promoting discussions on literature through texts it has produced, debates on social media and, primarily, through art activities such as watercolor painting and visual arts. Twenty-four watercolor paintings, videos, collages, chronicles and poems were produced. The main themes addressed were: love (N=2), ageing (N=2), sin and religion (N=4), life cycle (N=6), cancer, chaos, wisdom, mortality (N=3), time, looking and seeing (N=2) and regionalism (N=2). Discussion: Essential measures to tackle Covid-19 include social isolation, physical distancing and restrictions on people's movements to prevent the rapid spread of the virus. When youngsters lack the mechanisms to cope with the resulting stressful situation, a series of mental disorders can be triggered, such as depression, anxiety and mood swings. Reflecting a broader trend in medical training, medical schools are increasingly investing in curricular content involving arts, and at this particular moment in time this represents an important coping strategy for students trying to deal with the pandemic. Conclusion: Getting through this difficult period of the Covid-19 pandemic has demanded a coping strategy to help students experience and vent their fears, where art has been the best form of expression, and the ELAM group has achieved such a strategy.

Development and Validation of a Mobile Application for the Teaching of Electrocardiogram / Desenvolvimento e Validação de um Aplicativo Móvel para o Ensino de Eletrocardiograma

ABSTRACT Introduction The interpretation of the electrocardiogram (ECG) is fundamental for the identification of cardiovascular diseases, which are among the main causes of death in the world. The acquisition of this competence is essential in the training of the general practitioner and the use of new teaching tools, based on technology such as the use of mobile learning, can facilitate the acquisition of this knowledge. Objectives The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the usability and the potentiality for the use in medical education of a mobile teaching application for ECG interpretation. Methods With the participation of two health professors and a computer scientist, a systems analyst, a programmer and a graphic designer, a mobile application was developed to teach ECG interpretation using the Java language. For validation analysis, a usability evaluation questionnaire based on the System Usability Scale (SUS) and a questionnaire used to evaluate the suitability of software for use in medical education, previously translated into Portuguese and applied in Brazil, were used. Results The "ECG Fácil" application was developed for off-line use and free access on iOS and Android platforms. In the validation phase of the application, a total of 109 students had free access to the mobile application for 6 weeks and then evaluated usability through a SUS-based questionnaire. The answers to the questionnaire showed good reliability, according to the validation analysis by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (value: 0.74), and the application presented an excellent acceptance with a mean score on the SUS scale of 85.3. Meanwhile, fifteen faculty members evaluated the application through the questionnaire used to assess the suitability of software for use in medical education, with most agreeing with items indicating that it is suitable for use in medical education. Conclusion The "ECG Fácil" application was considered to be of good usability by students and suitable for educational purpose by teachers. Future studies with this application will be needed to assess the acquisition and retention of knowledge about ECG interpretation by students.

RESUMO Introdução A interpretação do eletrocardiograma (ECG) é fundamental para a identificação de doenças cardiovasculares, que estão entre as principais causas de morte no mundo. A aquisição dessa competência é essencial na formação do médico generalista, e o uso de novas ferramentas de ensino, apoiadas na tecnologia, como o mobile learning, pode facilitar a aquisição desse conhecimento. Objetivos Este estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver e avaliar a usabilidade e a potencialidade para o uso em educação médica de um aplicativo móvel de ensino para interpretação do ECG. Métodos Com a participação de dois professores da área da saúde e um da computação, um analista de sistemas, um programador e um designer gráfico, foi desenvolvido um aplicativo móvel para ensino da interpretação do ECG, utilizando-se a linguagem Java. Para análise de validação foram empregados um questionário de avaliação da usabilidade baseado no System Usability Scale (SUS) e um questionário utilizado para avaliar a adequação de softwares para uso em educação médica, previamente traduzido para o português e aplicado no Brasil. Resultados Foi desenvolvido o aplicativo "ECG Fácil" para uso off-line e de acesso gratuito nas plataformas iOS e Android. Na fase de validação do aplicativo, 109 discentes tiveram acesso livre ao aplicativo móvel durante seis semanas e depois avaliaram a usabilidade por meio de questionário baseado no SUS. As respostas ao questionário mostraram boa confiabilidade, conforme a análise de validação pelo coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (valor: 0,74), e o aplicativo apresentou excelente aceitação, com escore médio de 85,3 na escala SUS. Enquanto isso, 15 docentes avaliaram o aplicativo por meio do questionário utilizado para avaliar a adequação de softwares para uso em educação médica, tendo a maioria concordado com os itens que indicam que ele é adequado ao uso em educação médica. Conclusão O aplicativo "ECG Fácil" foi considerado de boa usabilidade pelos alunos e adequado à finalidade educacional pelos professores. Estudos futuros com esse aplicativo serão necessários para avaliar a aquisição e a retenção de conhecimento sobre a interpretação do ECG pelos alunos.

Impact of the number of failed therapeutic regimes on the development of resistance mutations to HIV-1 in northeast Brazil.

Highly-potent antiretroviral therapy is necessary to avoid viral replication in HIV patients; however, it can favor the appearance of resistance mutations. The mutations 41L, 67N, 70R, 210W, 215Y/F, 219E/Q, 44D and 118I are defined as nucleoside analogous mutations (NAMs), because they affect the efficacy of all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). The mutation most frequently associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) is 103N. 33W/F, 82A/F/L/T, 84V and 90M are called protease inhibitor resistance-associated mutations (PRAM), because they are associated with resistance to several protease inhibitors (PI). This study evaluated the development of resistance mutations and examine the susceptibility of HIV with these mutations to antiretrovirals in HIV-1 patients who have failed one or more therapy regimes. Analyses were made of 101 genotypic tests of patients with therapeutic failure to 2 or 3-drug regimens with NRTI, NNRTI or PI. We used the Stanford database to define the susceptibility profile of the viruses. The samples were divided into three treatment-failure groups: first (F), second (S) and multi-failure (MF) to antiretroviral regimens, and we correlated these groups with resistance profiles and principal mutations. There was a significant increase in resistance mutations V82A/F/L/T, I84V, L90M, M41L, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F and K219Q/E in MF. We also found significantly higher resistance to zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine and abacavir in MF. There was no increase in resistance to tenofovir (p=0.28) and lopinavir (p=0.079) in MF. A high degree of resistance to NNRTIs was observed in all groups. Increased resistance mutations will affect future therapeutic options for HIV patients in Brazil because it results in a significant increase in resistance to antiretroviral drugs.

Impact of the number of failed therapeutic regimes on the development of resistance mutations to HIV-1 in northeast Brazil

Highly-potent antiretroviral therapy is necessary to avoid viral replication in HIV patients; however, it can favor the appearance of resistance mutations. The mutations 41L, 67N, 70R, 210W, 215Y/F, 219E/Q, 44D and 118I are defined as nucleoside analogous mutations (NAMs), because they affect the efficacy of all nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). The mutation most frequently associated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) is 103N. 33W/F, 82A/F/L/T, 84V and 90M are called protease inhibitor resistance-associated mutations (PRAM), because they are associated with resistance to several protease inhibitors (PI). This study evaluated the development of resistance mutations and examine the susceptibility of HIV with these mutations to antiretrovirals in HIV-1 patients who have failed one or more therapy regimes. Analyses were made of 101 genotypic tests of patients with therapeutic failure to 2 or 3-drug regimens with NRTI, NNRTI or PI. We used the Stanford database to define the susceptibility profile of the viruses. The samples were divided into three treatment-failure groups: first (F), second (S) and multi-failure (MF) to antiretroviral regimens, and we correlated these groups with resistance profiles and principal mutations. There was a significant increase in resistance mutations V82A/F/L/T, I84V, L90M, M41L, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F and K219Q/E in MF. We also found significantly higher resistance to zidovudine, didanosine, stavudine and abacavir in MF. There was no increase in resistance to tenofovir (p=0.28) and lopinavir (p=0.079) in MF. A high degree of resistance to NNRTIs was observed in all groups. Increased resistance mutations will affect future therapeutic options for HIV patients in Brazil because it results in a significant increase in resistance to antiretroviral drugs.

Genotype testing and antiretroviral resistance profiles from HIV-1 patients experiencing therapeutic failure in northeast Brazil.

Genotype testing for HIV-1 drug resistance is useful for selecting antiretroviral drug regimens for patients experiencing therapeutic failure, but the optimal means for interpreting the test results is unknown because many HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations contribute to drug resistance. This study identified common combinations of resistance mutations related to antiretroviral resistance profiles. From April 2002 to March 2004, 101 protease and RT sequences were determined for HIV-1 isolates from patients who were failing antiretroviral therapy. The resistance profile was evaluated using the Stanford Database program. Male patients predominated (76.2%), the median age was 38 years, the average CD4 count was 279.21 cells/mm(3) and the average viral load was 4.49 log. In relation to protease inhibitors (IP) 31 mutation patterns were detected, 49 mutation patterns were detected in Nucleoside RT Inhibitors (NRTI), and 17 patterns were found in the Non Nucleoside RT Inhibitors (NNRTI). K65R was detected in 5.9% of the isolates. The most frequent mutations were: L90M, M184V and K103N related to PI's, NRTI's and NNRTI's, respectively. The best antiretroviral susceptibility was found to be Lopinavir in the PI class and Tenofovir in the NRTI class. The top six mutation patterns accounted for 49% of the resistance to PI's, for 38.5% of NRTI resistance, and the top two mutation patterns accounted for 40.9% of resistance to NNRTI's.

Genotype testing and antiretroviral resistance profiles from HIV-1 patients experiencing therapeutic failure in northeast Brazil

Genotype testing for HIV-1 drug resistance is useful for selecting antiretroviral drug regimens for patients experiencing therapeutic failure, but the optimal means for interpreting the test results is unknown because many HIV-1 protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations contribute to drug resistance. This study identified common combinations of resistance mutations related to antiretroviral resistance profiles. From April 2002 to March 2004, 101 protease and RT sequences were determined for HIV-1 isolates from patients who were failing antiretroviral therapy. The resistance profile was evaluated using the Stanford Database program. Male patients predominated (76.2 percent), the median age was 38 years, the average CD4 count was 279.21 cells/mm³ and the average viral load was 4.49 log. In relation to protease inhibitors (IP) 31 mutation patterns were detected, 49 mutation patterns were detected in Nucleoside RT Inhibitors (NRTI), and 17 patterns were found in the Non Nucleoside RT Inhibitors (NNRTI). K65R was detected in 5.9 percent of the isolates. The most frequent mutations were: L90M, M184V and K103N related to PI's, NRTI's and NNRTI's, respectively. The best antiretroviral susceptibility was found to be Lopinavir in the PI class and Tenofovir in the NRTI class. The top six mutation patterns accounted for 49 percent of the resistance to PI's, for 38.5 percent of NRTI resistance, and the top two mutation patterns accounted for 40.9 percent of resistance to NNRTI's.

Comparacao da resposta terapeutica na "Vida Real" entre esquemas de resgate contendo RTV/SQV versus NVP/NFV / Comparison of therapeutic response to salvage therapy with RTV/SQV and NVP/NFV

A terapia anti-retroviral para pacientes que falham a esquemas iniciais e menos efetiva, devido a menor sensibilidade do virus aos medicamentos e a maior complexidade dos esquemas propostos, que acarretam menor adesao. Com o objetivo de comparar a resposta terapeutica na "vida real" entre esquemas de resgate contendo RTV/SQV (400/400BID) e NVP/NFV (200BID/750TID) analisamos, retrospectivamente, prontuarios de 64 pacientes (35 em uso de RTV/SQV - grupo 1 e 29 em uso de NVP/NFV - grupo 2). Os grupos nao diferiram quanto a sexo, idade, media de CD4 e Carga Viral (NASBA) basal, tempo medio de exposicao a terapia anti-retroviral previa e tempo de tratamento com o esquema de resgate (p>0,05). Nao houve diferenca significativa na melhora imunologica (aumento de CD4), que ocorreu em 37, 1 porcento no grupo 1 e 41,4 porcento no grupo 2, nem no ganho medio de CD4 que foi de 85,7 cel. e 52,9 cel., respectivamente(p>0,05). Da mesma forma, em relacao a resposta virologica, nao houve diferenca significativa na comparacao entre os grupos. Esse beneficio foi evidenciado em 54,3 porcento e 48,3 porcento dos pacientes nos grupos 1 e 2 (p>0,05). Tambem nao houve diferenca em relacao a magnitude da diminuicao de Carga Viral (1,5 log e 1,1 log) nem no numero de pacientes com Carga Viral indetectavel apos inicio do Resgate (17 porcento e 3,5 porcento) nos grupos 1 e 2 (p>0,05). Neste estudo nao houve diferenca quanto a resposta terapeutica entre os esquemas de resgate com RTV/SQV e NVP/NFV

Resposta terapeutica a esquema anti-retroviral inicial contendo efavirenz ou nelfinavir, na "Vida Real" / Therapeutic response in inicial antiretroviral therapy with efavirenz or nelfinavir

Comparameos resposta terapeutica, virologica e imunologica, em estudo na "vida real" entre esquemas de terapia inicial contendo ITRNN - Efavirenz (EFV) ou IP - Nelfinavir (NFV), por analise retrospectiva de 58 prontuarios (32 com EFV e 26 com NFV), de janeiro/1999 a outubro/2001. Os grupos nao diferiram quanto a sexo, idade media, tempo entre o diagnostico do HIV e inicio da terapia, tempo de avaliacao com a terapia em estudo e media de carga viral (CV) inicial. A media de CD4 inicial foi 258,6 cel/mm3 para EFVe 156,7 cel/mm3 para NFV (p=0,038). Dos pacientes com CD4 inicial <100 cel/mm3 (31 porcento do total), 27,7 porcento pertenciam ao grupo do EFV e 72 porcento ao do NFV(p=0,005). Apenas 25 porcento dos pacientes em EFV e 11,5 porcento com NFV apresentaram CV indetectavel durante a terapia. Resposta virologica foi percebida em 94,4 porcento no grupo EFV e 61,9 porcento no NFV(p=0,029), com diminuicao media da CV de 3,11 log para o grupo EFV e 1,85 log para NFV(p=0,02). Resposta imunologica foi alcancada em 96,8 porcento no grupo EFV e 79,1 porcento no NFV (p=0,033) com ganho medio de CD4 = 75 cel/mm3 para EFV e 96 cel/mm3 para NFV (p=0,0019). Nosso estudo evidenciou diferenca quanto a resposta virologicae imunologica entre os grupos EFV e NFV, em beneficio da primeira droga; assim como o grupo EFV apresentou maior numero de pacientes com Carga Viral indetectavel durante a terapia (25 porcento contra 11,5 porcento)